可见喝水也不能乱喝
否则还未转阴先中毒
对身体造成更大伤害
那么,什么是“水中毒”?
如何科学喝水?
喝水也能中毒?
“水中毒”又称稀释性低钠血症。正常情况下,身体中细胞内外的钠离子浓度处于平衡状态。当水的摄入量远远超过排出量时,过多的水分就会滞留在身体中,导致血浆被稀释,从而使血浆中的钠离子浓度降低,这种现象就是“水中毒”。
图源:中国家庭报
当水中毒时,细胞外的钠离子浓度比细胞内的更低,为了维持细胞内外的浓度平衡,细胞外的水分会流向细胞内,导致细胞膨胀。
如果脑部细胞发生膨胀,大脑是由坚硬的脑骨固定和包裹的,脑组织就会受到挤压。因此,轻者会出现虚弱、头晕、腹胀、头痛、恶心、呕吐等症状,严重者可出现脑水肿、癫痫发作、意识模糊、昏迷和死亡等情况。
怎么正确喝水?
对于健康人群来说,24小时内喝水量达到3-4升以上,就可能造成水中毒。喝水讲究适可而止,而不是无限制地饮水。而对于慢性肾脏患者、心血管疾病患者,更需要合理控制饮水量。
《中国居民膳食指南(2022)》建议,日常要做到足量饮水,少量多次。人每天都需要摄入一定量的水以维持身体机能。在温和气候条件下,低身体活动水平成年男性每天需喝水1700毫升,成年女性每天喝水1500毫升。
图源:摄图网
夏天或大量出汗时,补水要遵循先快后慢、分次补充、量出为入三个原则。专家介绍,可根据气温高低,每天喝1.5升—2升水,出汗较多时可适当补充一些盐水。
如果仅出现“水中毒”轻症症状,可以喝少量淡盐水,一般控制在200毫升,并尽快排尿,直到症状消失。如果出现神志不清,应立刻就医处理。需要注意的是,含电解质的运动饮料并不能防止低钠血症的发生,因为这些饮料中的大多数电解质渗透压都比血液中的渗透压更低。
图源:摄图网
如果吃这些药,别着急喝水!
生病时喝水还需要注意服用的药物
很多人认为服药就应该多喝水
来减轻肾脏负担
有助排泄毒物
但偏偏有些药服用后却要少喝水
甚至不喝水
比如以下这几类药
图源:摄图网
1、止咳药
止咳糖浆、甘草合剂等药物需黏附在发炎的咽喉部而发挥作用,喝水过多会将药物冲掉,降低药效。一般建议服用此类药物后10分钟内不要饮水。
2、需要含服的药物
比如硝酸甘油、麝香保心丸等,不可直接用水吞咽,而是要通过舌下含服,让毛细血管吸收。服用后30分钟内也不宜喝水。
图源:摄图网
3、口含片
如西地碘含片、复方草珊瑚含片、银黄含片等,含服时要把药片置于舌根部,并尽量贴近咽喉处,使药物保持较高的局部浓度。建议含服后30分钟内尽量不要喝水。
4、治疗胃病的一些药物
比如胃黏膜保护剂(硫糖铝、果胶铋等),服用后在胃中会形成保护膜,因此服药1小时内尽量不要喝水,以免保护膜被水稀释。需要直接嚼碎吞服的胃药,也不要多喝水,以防止破坏形成的保护膜。
一些苦味健胃药,如复方龙胆酊等,是通过苦味刺激舌部味觉感受器及末梢神经,促进唾液和胃液分泌,起到增加食欲的作用。因此服用时不光要少喝水,服后也不要漱口。
图源:摄图网
5、抗利尿药
该类药物(加压素、去氨加压素)服药期间应限制饮水,否则可能会引起水潴留或低钠血症等。
6、缓解腹泻的药物
比如蒙脱石散,服用后如果喝过多的水,会影响药物对消化道内病毒病菌的固定和抑制。一般该类药物说明书会明确标明药物与水的服用比例。建议将药物倒入半杯温开水(约50毫升)中混匀快速服完即可。
除了生病,平常也要注意在适当的时候适度饮水!要养成主动饮水的习惯,不要等到口渴时才喝水。喝水有四个最佳时间:每天清晨起床后、上午10时左右、下午3~4时和晚上就寝前。
最后提醒
喝水的最佳方式是少量多次
小口慢饮
每次200毫升左右
不建议一次喝500毫升以上
资料来源:央视新闻、中国家庭报、极目新闻
整理:董小娴
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |